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近几十年来,随着全球变暖和能源危机的日益严重,对取之不尽、用之不竭的清洁能源技术的需求越来越迫切.1991年Gratzel首次报道了染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs),它以低廉的价格、优异的理论功率转换效率(PCE)、环保、多色透明等优点而引起了研究者的关注.Sb2S3因其1.5-2.2 eV的间隙宽度被认为是最有前途的对电极材料之一.此外,Sb2S3是地球中含量丰富的无毒锑矿物的主要成分,还被广泛应用于太阳能转换材料、催化剂、光导探测器等领域.众所周知,石墨烯具有巨大的比表面积、显著的载流子迁移率和优异的热/化学稳定性,这使得提高电子转移效率和电催化活性成为可能.首先,采用改进的Hummers方法制备了氧化石墨烯纳米片;然后采用水热法通过改变Sb源以及实验pH值,合成了Sb2S3和Sb2S3@RGO样品.对样品进行X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜镜(SEM)、投射电子显微镜(TEM)以及比表面积表征.结果表明,在Sb源不变的情况下,Sb2S3样品的形貌随pH值的变化而变化.以三乙酸锑为Sb源,在pH=3时,Sb2S3的形貌类似于一个完整的纳米棒结构;在pH值为6时,样品为不规则球体;当pH值为8时,纳米片结构开始出现;但当p H=10时,纳米片结构并不均匀.根据XRD分析,只有当pH值为3时,样品的衍射峰才与标准卡(JCPDS42-1393)的衍射峰一致.当以氯化锑作为锑源,样品的形貌由不规则的杆状(pH=3)转变为纳米球(pH=6),然后出现纳米片结构(pH=8).不同的是,当p H值为10时,纳米薄片形成均一的花状结构.XRD结果表明,除pH值为3外,样品的衍射峰与标准卡(JCPDS42-1393)的值吻合较好.结果表明,合成条件所需的Sb源和碱性环境是合成具有均匀花状结构的纳米片状Sb2S3所必不可少的.测得Sb2S3的比表面积约为41.72 m^2g^-1,平均孔径为31.08nm,Sb2S3@RGO的分别为44.53 m^2g^-1和22.65 nm.Sb2S3和Sb2S3@RGO复合材料均具有介孔结构,为内部电催化剂提供了广阔的通道,从而提高了对电极的催化能力,促进了电化学反应.将Sb2S3纳米花球和Sb2S3@RGO纳米薄片作为染料敏化太阳能电池的对电极进行了测试,由于石墨烯的引入,后者比前者具有更好的电催化性能.电化学实验结果表明,与Sb2S3,RGO,Pt作为对电极相比,制备的Sb2S3@RGO纳米薄片具有更好的催化活性、电荷转移能力和电化学稳定性,Sb2S3@RGO的功率转换效率达到8.17%,优于标准Pt对电极(7.75%). 相似文献
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Shen Peilong 《高校应用数学学报(英文版)》1998,13(3):289-294
ONTHEEXISTENCEANDUNIQUENESSTHEOREMSOFSOLUTIONSFORACLASSOFTHESYSTEMSOFMIXEDMONOTONEOPERATOREQUATIONSWITHAPPLICATIONSHENPEILONG... 相似文献
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Weihua Liu Mouhua Wang Zhe Xing Yingna Qi Guozhong Wu 《Radiation Physics and Chemistry》2012,81(6):622-627
To investigate the radiation effect on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers as well as on the preoxidation process, PAN fibers were irradiated by γ-rays at room temperature at 50–500 kGy in vacuum and then were thermally oxidized in air. Gel fraction determination indicated that γ irradiation led to the predominant crosslinking of PAN fibers, with G values (the number of event per 100 eV absorbed) of G(X)=0.28 and G(S)=0.16 for chain crosslinking and scission, respectively. It was found that irradiation caused a slight change in the crystal structure and tensile strength at low dose. Radiation led to a reduction of the onset temperature of cyclization reaction and moderated the exothermic behavior. The density of the PAN fibers after thermal oxidation was used to evaluate the preoxidation extent. It was proven that radiation could significantly accelerate the preoxidation process and consequently shortened the preoxidation time. Radiation crosslinking may have potential application in the production of PAN-based carbon fibers. 相似文献
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The permeation enhancing activity of Azone for ketoprofen through excised cavia skins was investigated using Franz diffusion cell. The possible hydrogen-bonded complexes formed between ketoprofen and the model molecule of Azone as azacyclopentane-2-one were fully optimized at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level. The intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions were calculated using the B3LYP/6-311++G**, B3LYP/6-311++G(2df, 2p), MP2(full)/6-311++G** and MP2(full)/6-311++G(2df, 2p) methods, respectively. The results show that the steady-state permeation rate of ketoprofen through excised cavia skins enhances over 9 times in the solvent with 2% Azone as compared with the solvent without Azone. The stable O–H···O=C and N–H···O=C hydrogen-bonded complexes could exist between azacyclopentane and ketoprofen. The hydrogen-bonding interaction energy follows the order of(a) (b) (c) (d) (g)(e) (h) (f). The formation of the complexes leads to the change of the conformation and molecular polarity of ketoprofen, and thus causes a better percutaneous permeation for the drug. The analyses of AIM(atom in molecule) and shift of electron density were used to further reveal the nature of the enhancing permeation activity of Azone for ketoprofen. The investigations of the temperature and solvent effects confirm that ketoprofen might enter into the skin by means of the Azone complex. 相似文献
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紫外光固化暗反应过程中CC双键转化率的红外光谱研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用红外光谱分析技术,测定了紫外光固化体系中CC双键在1 648~1 589 cm-1 特征吸收峰面积,以此研究紫外光辐照后暗反应过程中的CC双键转化率。系统地考察了光引发剂、活性稀释剂和光敏树脂等对紫外光固化暗反应的影响。研究结果表明:在45 s的紫外光辐照后,体系中40%~85%的CC双键转化是在暗反应过程中完成的,暗反应在1.75 h以后趋于平缓,但要达到95%的CC双键转化率则需要24 h以上。体系中CC双键的转化速率和最终转化率受光引发剂的种类和用量、氧阻效应以及活性稀释剂的官能度影响较大,而光敏树脂的种类及其官能度只影响转化速率,但对最终转化率影响不大。 相似文献
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创设真实情境,以氧气为线索进行主题式复习,探究过氧化钙与水的反应,总结气体制取的思维和装置模型并迁移应用,利用金属和酸、碱、盐的知识重新思考测定空气中氧气体积分数的实验,从实验装置和药品选择的角度寻找实验创新的思路,提高学生实验探究和创新能力,落实化学学科核心素养。 相似文献
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本文以水雷保险器水压膜贮存失效数据为研究对象,建立了水压膜贮存统计模型,采用周期测量数据失效时刻划分的方法,将不完全失效数据转换为区间数据;提出了基于对数正态分布族和基于极值分布族的水压膜贮存寿命预测方法,对水雷其它零部件的寿命预测具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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